INS and peripheral arterial disease: Although increased levels of PON1 and PON3 were immunohistochemically identified in the endothelium of arteries obtained from patients with serious PAD during the surgical infra-inguinal revascularization [121] and significantly higher PON1 and PON3 serum activity, as well as positive correlations between PON3, insulin levels and insulin resistance were found in patients with PAD [72], there is no convincing evidence for genetic causes of these findings.