Predictive models combining clinical and genetic features have been shown to be superior to models based on clinical characteristics only for predicting primary non-response to anti-TNF agents in CD (Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics [AUROC] 0.93 vs. 0.70, p < 0.0001) [46], UC (AUROC 0.87 vs. 0.57, p < 0.0001) vs. [47] and IBD patients (AUROC 0.89 vs. 0.72, p < 0.0001) [48]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.