Hence, C. concisus has to be assumed to promote an IL-13-independent tricellulin downregulation and redistribution from the tTJ in colonic epithelium, e.g., through macrophage-derived TNF-α, a mechanism similar to the compromised epithelial barrier function in the duodenal mucosa of Whipple’s Disease patients [68]. Here, IL13 is linked to Whipple disease.