VDR and cancer: Although vitamin D is best known for its actions in increasing gut calcium absorption to facilitate bone and muscle function [1], there are vitamin D receptors (VDR) in virtually all nucleated cells [2], and vitamin D metabolites have effects in many other systems, including cardiovascular effects on blood pressure and endothelial function [3]; effects on the immune system, including anti-inflammatory effects [4]; and some anti-cancer actions [1].