Recently, comprehensive genomic research studies with cell lines, GEMMs, and PDX models have revealed biologically heterogenous SCLC subtypes (Table 3), based on mRNA expression profiles defined by the differential expression of four key transcription regulators: achaete-scute homologue 1 (ASCL1; also known as ASH1), neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (NeuroD1), yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), and POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3). This evidence concerns the gene POU2F3 and small cell lung carcinoma.