TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: In an early (inflammatory) phase of the lung fibrosis model, cilomilast reduced the count of alveolar inflammatory cells and the counts of macrophages and lymphocytes, but not neutrophils in BALF, decreased lung TNFα mRNA level, and increased IL-6 mRNA level, but did not influence IL-1β [150], and roflumilast diminished lung transcriptions for TNFα, and reduced BALF levels of TNFα, IL-13, lipid hydroperoxides, and inflammatory cell counts [149].