In this review, biomarkers for diabetic neuropathy are divided into four groups: (a) AGE-related molecules (methyl glyoxal and glyoxalase I), (b) molecules that participate in the progression of inflammation (Toll-like receptors, TNF-α, miR-146a, adiponectin, etc.), (c) molecules associated with nerve damage (nerve specificity enolase and semaphorin), and (d) molecules involved in nerve protection (nerve growth factor and HSP27). This evidence concerns the gene ADIPOQ and diabetic neuropathy.