NPPB and heart failure: Available heart failure biomarkers [40] include non-specific markers of inflammatory response (C-reactive protein [47], pro-inflammatory cytokines [48]), extracellular matrix remodeling (matrix metalloproteinases) [49], cardiac loading and atrial stretch (B-type natriuretic peptide, BNP family [50]), whole body neurohormonal activation (suppression of tumorigenicity 2, ST2) [51], and inflammation (galectin-3) [52].