GDNF and meningitis: Furthermore, beneficial effects on preserving memory function in experimental meningitis and protection from ouabain-induced hyperlocomotion were reported through a modulatory effect on the expression and activity of neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in rats [32,33].