In reviewing paediatric implications of normal insulin–GH–IGF axis physiology, Bang [84], having stated, with little evidence, that changes in circulating endocrine IGF-I and paracrine/autocrine IGF-I are in most cases concordant, cites as an exception the example of the low serum IGF-1 in children with type 1 diabetes. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.