HMGB1 and autoimmune disease: In the nucleus, HMGB1 maintains the nuclear structure and regulates gene transcription; however, HMGB1 can be released into the extracellular space under conditions of stress (including pathological conditions such as autoimmune diseases) where it acts as a damage associated molecular protein (DAMP) that triggers innate immune responses by binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) or toll-like receptors (TLRs) on surrounding cells [60,61,62,63,64,65].