TGFB1 and neoplasm: Additionally, other studies have shown that immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin 10 (IL-10), prostaglandin E2, and immune cells like immunosuppressive natural killer T (NKT) cells, T/B regulatory cells (T/Breg), tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) create an immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioma, supporting pro-tumorigenic activities which lead to tumor progression [133,134,135].