Importantly, pretreatment of TMZ resistant glioma cells with the more recently developed AX15836 compound (XMD17-109), which has a different chemistry and MoA to other ERK5i such as ERK5-in-1 and XMD8-92 [24], also conferred increased TMZ sensitivity in resistant glioma cells. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK7 and central nervous system cancer.