IFNA1 and cancer: In light of the multiple steps involved in the induction, signal transduction and cellular response to IFNs, cancer-induced defects to IFN signaling occur through a plethora of molecular mechanisms including: (i) perturbations to the expression of the IFN receptor; e.g., the ubiquitination and downregulation of the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR1) following inflammatory signaling, nutrient deprivation or hypoxia (all conditions prevalent in the TME) [116,117].