IL4 and infection: It is well-known that inflammatory cytokines, including pro-inflammatory cytokines [e.g., interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), chemokine, interferons] and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13) play significant roles in the inflammatory responses to infections.