SERP1 and autoimmune disease: M1 macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma, and SLE (1, 35–39), we have proposed that targeting M1 cells with Serp-1 treatment will provide a potential treatment for autoimmune diseases, suggesting that Serp-1 can inhibit the activation of macrophage M1 to protect SLE patients against the development of DAH.