DDIT3 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In T1D, insidious insulitis and hyperglycemia induce ER-stress and UPR activation, leading to beta cell apoptosis through the upregulation of CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein), a key transcription factor responsible for ER-stress induced-apoptosis through Bcl-2 inhibition (31, 32).