Moreover, anorexigenic effects of both peptides have been examined, because in animal models of obesity, decreased central concentrations of neurotensin have been detected together with reduced food intake after intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of xenin and neurotensin in rodents (Beck et al., 1990; Williams et al., 1991a; Cooke et al., 2009). This evidence concerns the gene NTS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.