With regard to their role as mediator proteins of the innate immune system and their substantial increase in intrinsic AKI (calprotectin and NGAL) and the described impact on inflammation and fibrosis (KIM-1), it may be hypothesized that the urinary concentrations of these biomarkers are higher in primarily inflammatory than in primarily non-inflammatory underlying entities of CKD. The gene discussed is HAVCR1; the disease is chronic kidney disease.