Other model systems have more robust engraftment, including NOD/SCID/β2mnull mice and NOD/SCID mice with transgenic expression of stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin-3 (IL-3) (N/S-SGM3 mice), which facilitate AML engraftment and proliferation100. Here, IL3 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.