INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Current data suggest that there is a close relationship betweenestrogens and insulin sensitivity: estradiol increases the uptakeof glucose in muscle, suppresses hepatic glucose production,lowers blood glucose levels and increases glucose tolerancein ovariectomized females of mice and rats, in intact femalemice with severe genetic or diet-induced obesity, in male miceand in men (Faustini-Fustini et al., 1999; Bryzgalova et al.,2008; Saengsirisuwan et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2014).