CDKN2A and urinary bladder cancer: The pattern of CpG island hypermethylation was studied by Gustierrez et al. (344) and they showed that the Schistosoma-associated tumors in Egyptian patients had higher hypermethylation of genes like E-cadherin, DAP-kinase, TP14, TP15, TP16, APC, GSTP1, and TP73. Other authors have further proposed using these unique epigenetic modifications for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer by utilizing plasma circulating microRNA and urinary DNA methylation profile (345, 346).