MMP9 and hepatocellular carcinoma: The last group of genes that have been studied on hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa are those involved in angiogenesis, including VEGF, MMP, RASSF1A, and RECK. In Egypt, Samamoudy et al. (230) reported that patients with MMP9 (rs3918242) are at high risk of developing liver cancer while RECK (rs12814325) (231) could account for the disease progression and metastasis.