APC and breast neoplasm: The contribution of epigenetic factors to risk and prognosis of breast cancer reported in Africa included the roles of tissue microRNA, circulating free mRNA, circulating long non-coding RNA (158–163) as well as DNA methylation status of breast cancer susceptibility genes like APC, ERα, RASSFIA, UCHL1, COX-2, and FHIT (161, 164–167) in breast tumor across Africa.