VEGFA and neoplasm: These effectors include the well-known proliferation marker Ki-67 [96] overexpressed in brain metastasis when compared to primary tumours [64, 65]; the ROBO1/SLIT2 axis, increased in brain metastasis [66] and involved in cell migration [97]; the pro-angiogenic VEGFA, related to increased brain metastatic potential [75, 98, 99]; and damage signal proteins (DAMPS) S100 proteins, involved in increased proliferation, anti-apoptotic, and migration capabilities [100, 101], which are increased in serum of brain metastatic patients and brain metastasis models [69, 70, 75, 100, 101].