PRKAA1 and fatty liver disease: Li et al. (2019) established that the AMPK pathway was the upstream regulator of CPT1A, and it could regulate CPT1A and fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) (Li et al., 2019). In addition, a study by Tobita et al. (2018) revealed that an increase in the mRNA expression level of hepatic CPT1A was associated with Thr172 phosphorylation of AMPK α (AMPKα) in the liver, which alleviated hepatic steatosis (Tobita et al., 2018).