GLI1 and acute myeloid leukemia: We found that signature gene of the Hh signaling pathway e.g., GLI1, PTCH1, SMO, and the PI3K/AKT pathway e.g., phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), AKT1, AKT2, were upregulated in AML-RR compared to AML-CR patients, indicating that both the Hh and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways were up-regulated in AML-RR patients (Fig. 1B, C).