Within the PVN, dysregulation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons which modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis contributes to cardiovascular disease and impaired immune function in animal models of chronic social isolation as well as in persons with early-life social trauma (Heim and Nemeroff, 2001; McEwen, 2003; Cacioppo et al., 2015). Here, CRH is linked to cardiovascular disorder.