TNF and COVID-19: The top 20 significantly enriched KEGG pathways were presented in Fig. 6a, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Toll-like receptor (TLR), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor(NLRs), and several disease-related pathways like Chagas disease and Influenza A. Among these pathways, TNF pathway with relatively lower p-value and FDR value (< 0.0001) was regarded as an important pathway of AE against COVID-19.