We also identified a previously reported gene–drug relationship between fluorouracil and TWIST1. Studies have shown that silencing TWIST1 can increase certain cancer cells’ sensitivity to fluorouracil11,12, which agrees with our findings that, among patients taking fluorouracil for stomach adenocarcinoma, survival outcomes are better for patients with low expression levels of TWIST1 than for those with high TWIST1 expression (Fig. 3B). Here, TWIST1 is linked to gastric adenocarcinoma.