Hence, they proposed an immunometabolic depression model – including chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, disruption of neuroendocrine regulators (leptin and insulin resistance) and biomolecules (dyslipidemia) involved in energy metabolism – predominantly present in patients with atypical behavioral symptoms which could explain the considerable comorbidity between depression and cardiometabolic conditions (e.g. obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes) (Milaneschi et al., 2020). Here, LEP is linked to metabolic syndrome.