Neuronal cells pre-treated with PACAP before oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury, which mimics acute ischemic stroke injuries, demonstrated upregulated mitochondrial activity and mitochondrial membrane potential in addition to attenuated activity and high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) gene release when compared to untreated cells [41]. The gene discussed is ADCYAP1; the disease is ischemic stroke.