In every study where people with T2D preoperatively were given Ex-9 vs. placebo after RYGB, at any postoperative time point, postprandial insulin secretion (whether measured as insulin, c-peptide or insulin secretion rate) was significantly reduced following Ex-9 administration and compared to the non-operated control population [37,139,140,141] (Table 3). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.