The endothelial dysfunction causes the recruitment of leukocytes in subendothelial space of the tunica intima (the innermost layer of an artery) and induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-4, IL-6, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and endothelial dysfunction.