BGN and urothelial carcinoma: BGN reportedly promotes cell proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (by increasing cdk2 and decreasing p27)45, endothelial cells (TLR2/4)41, colon cancer cells (p38)46, and osteosarcoma cells (LRP6/β-catenin/IGF-IR)47, whereas BGN inhibits proliferation of bone marrow stem cells26 and urothelial carcinoma cells48.