Notably, both FreeαPD1 & αPDL1 and imNAαPD1 & αPDL1 exhibited marginal benefits in terms of tumor control in the subcutaneous PDL1-KO-B16-F10 model (Supplementary Fig. 22c), confirming the importance of PDL1 on tumor cells in the imNA-mediated anti-tumor response and the importance of imNAαPD1 & αPDL1-facilitated cell interaction in tumor therapy. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.