As the predominant modality of cancer immunotherapy, immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including mAbs targeting co-inhibitory or co-stimulatory ligands/receptors of T cells and NK cells (e.g., PDL1, PD1, CTLA4, OX40, 4-1BB, NKG2D, TIGIT)3,40, mAbs re-educating or depleting TAMs (e.g., CSF1R, CCR2)7, and mAbs promoting the phagocytosis of macrophages and dendritic cells (CD47, SIRPα)41,42, may revolutionize the cancer treatment paradigm in the future. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and cancer.