APOE and major depressive disorder: Consistent with recent longitudinal studies (Burns et al., 2020; Locke et al., 2013) and with recent large genome-wide association studies of broad depression phenotypes using predominantly middle-aged adults (Howard et al., 2019; Wray et al., 2018), the current study observed no significant association between the APOE e4 allele and depression risk once life-course covariates were accounted for.