TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: HFD-fed mouse liver showed increased protein levels of both IL-6 (Figure 4A, 4B) and TNF-α (Figure 4C, 4D), and an increase in the mRNA levels of IL-6 (Figure 4E) and TNF-α (Figure 4F), providing further insights into the biochemistry underlying the second hit of NAFLD.