In the rat model of diabetes, increased activation of nPKCδ inhibits Akt phosphorylation and promotes retinal neuronal apoptosis (Kim et al., 2008), while increased NADPH oxidase activity inhibits nPKCδ activation and increased Akt phosphorylation in the rat model of stroke (Cai et al., 2017). Here, AKT1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.