Figure 4B presents the response of circulating memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells collected from 27 patients with NSCLC and 28 with RCC subjected to anti-PD-1 treatment. Due to the function of A. muciniphila and E. hirae, the responses of memory Th1 and Tc1 cells were enhanced in the responders, resulting in increased production of IFN-γ (Figure 4C). Figure 4D shows that based on 32 fecal samples, E. hirae was more abundant in responders with NSCLC than in non-responders. This further supports the relevance of probiotics, such as E. hirae and A. muciniphila, in predicting efficacious treatment. Here, PDCD1 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.