This, coupled with the clinical success of mTOR inhibitors in seizure control in TSC epilepsy and the growing body of evidence supporting the dysregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR in a variety of pathologies encountered in pediatric epilepsy, such as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), suggests that the next step is to investigate the role of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of children with medically refractory epilepsy, particularly those children who have also failed resective surgery. Here, AKT1 is linked to tuberous sclerosis.