The production of ROS is a prominent feature in all three of these models of acute kidney injury, and studies have shown that blockade of JNK signaling prevents ROS-induced death of tubular epithelial cells (Pat et al., 2003; Arany et al., 2004), providing direct evidence that JNK is critical in ROS-induced tubular cell death. The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is acute kidney injury.