PPARA and diabetes mellitus: Moreover, GA functions to alleviate metabolic diseases, including NAFLD (Chao et al., 2014) and diabetes, by upregulating the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR) in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue, thereby reducing blood glucose (Gandhi et al., 2014), hepatic lipid peroxidation (Punithavathi et al., 2011b), diabetes induced myocardial dysfunction (Patel and Goyal, 2011), and diabetic nephropathy (Ahad et al., 2015) while enhancing pancreatic antioxidase activity (Punithavathi et al., 2011a).