TNF and COVID-19: Higher levels of cytokines, including granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, monocyte-chemokine protein 1, interferon-inducible protein-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were more commonly seen in patients with severe COVID-19 than in those with non-severe COVID-19, suggesting cytokine profiles are closely associated with COVID-19 severity (Huang C et al., 2020).