MAPK3 and cancer: To determine the role of JNK, ERK1/2, and AKT signaling in TMEM52B suppression-mediated cancer cell survival and invasion, SW480sub and HCT-15 cells were transiently transfected with TMEM52B-specific shRNA for 24 h and then treated with the following pharmacological inhibitors for 24 h before analysis: dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle), PD098059 (a specific MEK/ERK inhibitor), SP600125 (a specific JNK inhibitor), or wortmannin (a specific PI3K/AKT inhibitor).