PGF and neoplasm: Tumor growth (Apicella et al., 2018; Carmeliet et al., 2001), arthritis (Yoo et al., 2009), and recovery from heart (Luttun et al., 2002; Pipp et al., 2003) and limb ischemia (Gigante et al., 2006) were all reduced in the absence of PlGF-mediated signaling.