Indeed, despite numerous resistance mechanisms associated with targeted therapies, treatment with EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) or ALK (ALK receptor tyrosine kinase) tyrosine kinase inhibitors has been shown to significantly improve progression-free and overall survival compared to standard chemotherapy in patients with advanced lung cancer harboring activating EGFR mutations [7, 8] or ALK rearrangements [9–11]. This evidence concerns the gene ALK and lung cancer.