The rise of Smad3 and TGF-β1 mRNA levels and the rise of protein expressions of pSmad3 and TGF-β1 in PCOSR group were detected in our study, whereas total Smad3 had no significant change, suggesting TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway contributes to PCOS pathogenesis. The gene discussed is SMAD3; the disease is polycystic ovary syndrome.