INS and diabetes mellitus: For analysis on DR progression to moderate NPDR or worse DR, only diabetes duration (HR 0.766, p = 0.001), insulin use (HR 3.646, p = 0.027), mean HbA1c (HR 1.819, p = 0.035) were significantly associated with DR progression whereas HbA1c ARV did not show significant association on multivariate analysis (Table 3).