CD28 and autoimmune disease: Previous in vitro studies on the effects of MSCs on cytokine production by phytohemagglutinin- or CD3/CD28-activated PBMCs from healthy subjects and patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are in agreement with the herein results concerning the reduction in TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-17, while they are discordant regarding the effects on IL-10.