CCK and Anxiety: Despite the distinct hedonic valences associated with stimulating Crf and Cck BNST neurons, optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of either Crf or Cck BNST neurons led to increased indices of anxiety-like behavior in multiple paradigms (Giardino et al., 2018), suggesting that standard measures of “anxiety” in rodents may reflect generalized arousal states independent of hedonic valence per se.