CHAC1 and clear cell renal carcinoma: We have found that GSK-J4 treatment up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of genes targeted by ATF4 (PCK2, CHOP (DDIT3), REDD1 (DDIT4), CHAC1, and TRIB3)25–29, with minimal changes to UTX expression, in epithelial cells: clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) 786-O cells, primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (PRETEC) and colorectal cancer HCT116 cells (Fig. 1A).